Active human apoptosome with procaspase-9
PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb5juy/pdb
Classification: APOPTOSIS Organism(s): Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens
Deposited: 2016-05-10 Deposition Author(s): Akey, C.W. , Akey, I.V. , Cheng, T.C. , Hong, C. , Yuan, S.
Active human apoptosome with procaspase-9
Akey, C.W. , Akey, I.V. , Cheng, T.C. , Hong, C. , Yuan, S.
Primary Citation of Related Structures: 5JUY
Proteins | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Molecule | Chains | Sequence Length | Organism | Sequence |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | A | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | B | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | C | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | D | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | E | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | F | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 | G | 1248 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDAKARNCLLQHREALEKDIKTSYIMDHMISDGFLTISEEEKVRNEPTQQQRAAMLIKMILKKDNDSYVSFYNALLHEGYKDLAALLHDGIPVVSSSSGKDSVSGITSYVRTVLCEGGVPQRPVVFVTRKKLVNAIQQKLSKLKGEPGWVTIHGMAGCGKSVLAAEAVRDHSLLEGCFPGGVHWVSVGKQDKSGLLMKLQNLCTRLDQDESFSQRLPLNIEEAKDRLRILMLRKHPRSLLILDDVWDSWVLKAFDSQCQILLTTRDKSVTDSVMGPKYVVPVESSLGKEKGLEILSLFVNMKKADLPEQAHSIIKECKGSPLVVSLIGALLRDFPNRWEYYLKQLQNKQFKRIRKSSSYDYEALDEAMSISVEMLREDIKDYYTDLSILQKDVKVPTKVLCILWDMETEEVEDILQEFVNKSLLFCDRNGKSFRYYLHDLQVDFLTEKNCSQLQDLHKKIITQFQRYHQPHTLSPDQEDCMYWYNFLAYHMASAKMHKELCALMFSLDWIKAKTELVGPAHLIHEFVEYRHILDEKDCAVSENFQEFLSLNGHLLGRQPFPNIVQLGLCEPETSEVYQQAKLQAKQEVDNGMLYLEWINKKNITNLSRLVVRPHTDAVYHACFSEDGQRIASCGADKTLQVFKAETGEKLLEIKAHEDEVLCCAFSTDDRFIATCSVDKKVKIWNSMTGELVHTYDEHSEQVNCCHFTNSSHHLLLATGSSDCFLKLWDLNQKECRNTMFGHTNSVNHCRFSPDDKLLASCSADGTLKLWDATSANERKSINVKQFFLNLEDPQEDMEVIVKCCSWSADGARIMVAAKNKIFLFDIHTSGLLGEIHTGHHSTIQYCDFSPQNHLAVVALSQYCVELWNTDSRSKVADCRGHLSWVHGVMFSPDGSSFLTSSDDQTIRLWETKKVCKNSAVMLKQEVDVVFQENEVMVLAVDHIRRLQLINGRTGQIDYLTEAQVSCCCLSPHLQYIAFGDENGAIEILELVNNRIFQSRFQHKKTVWHIQFTADEKTLISSSDDAEIQVWNWQLDKCIFLRGHQETVKDFRLLKNSRLLSWSFDGTVKVWNIITGNKEKDFVCHQGTVLSCDISHDATKFSSTSADKTAKIWSFDLLLPLHELRGHNGCVRCSAFSVDSTLLATGDDNGEIRIWNVSNGELLHLCAPLSEEGAATHGGWVTDLCFSPDGKMLISAGGYIKWWNVVTGESSQTFYTNGTNLKKIHVSPDFKTYVTVDNLGILYILQTLE |
Cytochrome c | H | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | I | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | J | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | K | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | L | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | M | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Cytochrome c | N | 104 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | GDVEKGKKIFVQKCAQCHTVEKGGKHKTGPNLHGLFGRKTGQAPGFSYTDANKNKGITWGEETLMEYLENPKKYIPGTKMIFAGIKKKGEREDLIAYLKKATNE |
Caspase-9 | O | 95 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDEADRRLLRRCRLRLVEELQVDQLWDALLSRELFRPHMIEDIQRAGSGSRRDQARQLIIDLETRGSQALPLFISCLEDTGQDMLASFLRTNRQA |
Caspase-9 | P | 95 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDEADRRLLRRCRLRLVEELQVDQLWDALLSRELFRPHMIEDIQRAGSGSRRDQARQLIIDLETRGSQALPLFISCLEDTGQDMLASFLRTNRQA |
Caspase-9 | Q | 95 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDEADRRLLRRCRLRLVEELQVDQLWDALLSRELFRPHMIEDIQRAGSGSRRDQARQLIIDLETRGSQALPLFISCLEDTGQDMLASFLRTNRQA |
Caspase-9 | R | 95 | Bos Taurus , Homo Sapiens | MDEADRRLLRRCRLRLVEELQVDQLWDALLSRELFRPHMIEDIQRAGSGSRRDQARQLIIDLETRGSQALPLFISCLEDTGQDMLASFLRTNRQA |
Method: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Deposited Date: 2016-05-10 Deposition Author(s): Akey, C.W. , Akey, I.V. , Cheng, T.C. , Hong, C. , Yuan, S.